The new sister repaired consequences identify 65% of your type when you look at the knowledge within this sample
gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).
In our try there are 676 sisters, from which 302 were ple (as they come from a household in which one or more girl is actually married early) has actually fathers with notably all the way down instructional attainment, will getting Muslim, and tend to be more likely to inhabit rural elements
When we explore the the quantity that province and you will community fixed effects capture differences in public and you will financial disadvantage by the examining the ability to determine version during the educational attainment, we discover the community fixed effects establish more 31% associated with adaptation, sivusto a bit more as compared to step three% said of the province fixed effects. Most of the type is actually yet not within this towns.
I very first present estimations that manage to have state*time-trend FE and town*time-revolution FE. I following go one step then by to present results where i guess cousin fixed effects habits the spot where the coefficients was projected off contrasting away from sisters, certainly one of whom got married very early additionally the other exactly who did perhaps not. That it research controls for everyone family unit members qualities, one another observable and you can unobservable, knowledgeable of the sisters e.g., family relations records. It yet not reduces this new shot. This type of email address details are hence best read as actually relevant in order to properties off way more conservative and lower socio-monetary home. Footnote 10
Finally, ?ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11
where ChYihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (Xihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHChhv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Chihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.
